TechTayari

S4 · Computer Studies I · Grade 10 · ages 15–16

Operating Systems

The software that runs everything

Grade 10 · 1.6 Operating System (OS)CBE strandFree · works offline

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The full lesson adds narration, an interactive mission and a 10-question bank, and the quiz explains any mistakes.

What an operating system is

The operating system (OS) is the main software that manages the computer's hardware and runs other programs. Without it, apps could not use the screen, memory or storage. Examples: Windows, macOS and Linux on computers; Android and iOS on phones.

What the OS manages

The OS manages processes (which programs run, and when), memory (which program uses which part of RAM), files and folders on storage, input and output devices through drivers, and security, such as user accounts and permissions.

How you talk to it

The user interface is how you give the OS instructions. A graphical user interface (GUI) uses windows, icons, menus and a pointer. A command-line interface (CLI) uses typed commands. A GUI is easier to learn; a CLI can be faster for experts and for automation.

Types of operating systems

Single-user systems serve one person at a time; multi-user systems, like servers, serve many at once. Multitasking runs several programs at the same time. Real-time operating systems respond within strict time limits, for example in car brakes or medical machines.

Keeping the OS healthy

Install updates: they fix security holes. Use only trusted app stores and sources. Give each person their own user account, and don't use the administrator account for everyday work. Licensed or open-source software is legal; pirated copies often hide malware.

Key points

  • The operating system manages the hardware and runs every other program.
  • Windows, macOS and Linux run computers; Android and iOS run phones.
  • The OS manages processes, memory, files, devices and security.
  • A GUI uses windows and icons; a command line uses typed commands.
  • Multitasking runs several programs; real-time systems respond instantly.
  • Install updates; they close security holes.
  • Get software from trusted sources: pirated copies often hide malware.

Try it for real: Meet your OS

  • Find the name and version of the operating system on a computer or phone (Settings › About).
  • Open Task Manager (Windows) or Activity Monitor (Mac), or your phone's battery or app list, and note which apps use the most memory.
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